See duk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "duke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "duik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "duke"
},
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "duk"
},
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "duk"
},
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "diúc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "duic"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "diùc"
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dug"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "duke"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewk-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "duc"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French duc",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "dux"
},
"expansion": "Latin dux",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French duc, from Latin dux.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dukes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deuk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "doc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "douk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "doyk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duck",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dug",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dux",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duyk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dwk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "duk",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dukes"
},
"expansion": "duk (plural dukes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "duche"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "duchesse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "dukdom"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 29 6 15",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Leaders",
"orig": "enm:Leaders",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 19 16 16",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "enm:Male people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"leader, guide, boss"
],
"id": "en-duk-enm-noun-Xu4yN4UQ",
"links": [
[
"leader",
"leader#English"
],
[
"guide",
"guide"
],
[
"boss",
"boss"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 33 32 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commander, general"
],
"id": "en-duk-enm-noun-WAISvUvO",
"links": [
[
"commander",
"commander"
],
[
"general",
"general"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 33 32 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "Lords of this dark place, open these gates straight away, / so Christ, the King of Heaven's son, can come in.",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xvııȷ᷒ ⁊c et ııȷ᷒ de Dobet”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 113, verso; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "Dukes of þis dymme place. anoon vndo þıſe yates / That crıſt may come In. þe kynges ſone of heuene",
"translation": "Lords of this dark place, open these gates straight away, / so Christ, the King of Heaven's son, can come in.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"noble, lord (especially of high rank)"
],
"id": "en-duk-enm-noun-oyVDlOFb",
"links": [
[
"noble",
"noble"
],
[
"lord",
"lord"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 33 32 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 24 70",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Nobility",
"orig": "enm:Nobility",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
125,
128
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
123,
127
]
],
"english": "One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.",
"ref": "p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:",
"text": "ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·",
"translation": "One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"duke (rank of nobility)"
],
"id": "en-duk-enm-noun-IifxiPew",
"links": [
[
"duke",
"duke#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/diu̯k/"
},
{
"ipa": "/duk/"
}
],
"word": "duk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dewk-",
"Pages with 15 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Leaders",
"enm:Male people",
"enm:Nobility",
"uz:Sound",
"uz:Spinning"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "duke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "duik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "duke"
},
{
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "duk"
},
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "duk"
},
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "diúc"
},
{
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "duic"
},
{
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "diùc"
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "dug"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "duke"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewk-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "duc"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French duc",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "dux"
},
"expansion": "Latin dux",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French duc, from Latin dux.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dukes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deuk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dewke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "doc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "douk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "doyk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duck",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dug",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duke",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dux",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "duyk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "dwk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "duk",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dukes"
},
"expansion": "duk (plural dukes)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "duche"
},
{
"word": "duchesse"
},
{
"word": "dukdom"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"leader, guide, boss"
],
"links": [
[
"leader",
"leader#English"
],
[
"guide",
"guide"
],
[
"boss",
"boss"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"commander, general"
],
"links": [
[
"commander",
"commander"
],
[
"general",
"general"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "Lords of this dark place, open these gates straight away, / so Christ, the King of Heaven's son, can come in.",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xvııȷ᷒ ⁊c et ııȷ᷒ de Dobet”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 113, verso; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "Dukes of þis dymme place. anoon vndo þıſe yates / That crıſt may come In. þe kynges ſone of heuene",
"translation": "Lords of this dark place, open these gates straight away, / so Christ, the King of Heaven's son, can come in.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"noble, lord (especially of high rank)"
],
"links": [
[
"noble",
"noble"
],
[
"lord",
"lord"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
125,
128
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
123,
127
]
],
"english": "One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.",
"ref": "p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:",
"text": "ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·",
"translation": "One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"duke (rank of nobility)"
],
"links": [
[
"duke",
"duke#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/diu̯k/"
},
{
"ipa": "/duk/"
}
],
"word": "duk"
}
Download raw JSONL data for duk meaning in Middle English (4.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (e97c820 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.